![]() ![]() It has the following structural formula:Ītropine is an antimuscarinic agent since it antagonizes the muscarine-like actions of acetylcholine and other choline esters.Ītropine inhibits the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves, and on smooth muscles which respond to endogenous acetylcholine but are not so innervated. When smaller doses are required the unused portion should be discarded.Ītropine Sulfate, USP is chemically designated 1α H, 5α H-Tropan-3-α-ol (±)-tropate (ester), sulfate (2:1) (salt) monohydrate, (C 17H 23NO 3) 2 ∙ H 2SO 4 ∙ H 2O, colorless crystals or white crystalline powder very soluble in water. The solution contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer (except for pH adjustment) and is intended for use only as a single-dose injection. May contain sodium hydroxide and/or sulfuric acid for pH adjustment. It is administered parenterally by intravenous injection.Įach milliliter (mL) contains 0.4 mg or 1 mg of atropine sulfate monohydrate equivalent to 0.332 mg or 0.83 mg of atropine, and sodium chloride, 9 mg. Ice bags and alcohol sponges help to reduce fever, especially in pediatric populations.Ītropine Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic isotonic solution of atropine sulfate monohydrate in water for injection with sodium chloride sufficient to render the solution isotonic. ![]() Since physostigmine is rapidly destroyed, the patient may again lapse into coma after one to two hours, and repeated doses may be required.Īrtificial respiration with oxygen may be necessary. Physostigmine, given as an atropine antidote by slow intravenous injection of 1 to 4 mg (0.5 to 1 mg in pediatric populations), rapidly abolishes delirium and coma caused by large doses of atropine. Large doses for sedation should be avoided because central depressant action may coincide with the depression occurring late in atropine poisoning. In the event of toxic overdosage, a short acting barbiturate or diazepam may be given as needed to control marked excitement and convulsions. In pediatric populations, 10 mg or less may be fatal. The fatal adult dose of atropine is not known. ![]() ![]() In such cases, blood pressure declines and death due to respiratory failure may ensue following paralysis and coma. Depression and circulatory collapse occur only with severe intoxication. Toxic doses lead to restlessness and excitement, hallucinations, delirium and coma. Methodological limitations of these observational studies including the inability to control for the dosage and timing of atropine exposure, underlying maternal disease, or concomitant maternal drug use, cannot definitively establish or exclude any drug associated risk during pregnancy.Įxcessive dosing may cause palpitation, dilated pupils, difficulty in swallowing, hot dry skin, thirst, dizziness, restlessness, tremor, fatigue and ataxia. In another surveillance study of 50 pregnancies in the first trimester, atropine use was not associated with an increased risk of malformations. No specific pattern of major birth defects was identified. In a surveillance study, 381 newborns were exposed to atropine during the first trimester 18 major birth defects were observed when 16 were expected. In a cohort study of 401 pregnancies in the first trimester and 797 pregnancies in the second or third trimester, atropine use was not associated with an increased risk of congenital malformation. No adequate and well-controlled studies are available regarding use of atropine in pregnant women. Human Data Atropine crosses the placenta. Life-sustaining therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld because of concerns regarding the effects of atropine on the fetus. Severe or life-threatening muscarinic events such as acute organophosphate poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia are medical emergencies in pregnancy which can be fatal if left untreated. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with atropine.ĭisease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Available data from published observational studies on atropine use in pregnant women are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data). There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with untreated severe or life-threatening muscarinic events (see Clinical Considerations). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |